Kohlberg’s theory of moral development stage is a research model of moral formation, with the development of moral judgment as the standard to measure the level of moral development. Based on Kohlberg’s theory of moral development stage and the questionnaire experiment method, 167 college students and 411 college students from national colleges and universities are investigated with the restrictive question Test II and moral judgment ability test as tools. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The moral development level of contemporary college students is mainly at the conventional level and post conventional level of morality. (2) Contemporary college students mainly prefer the fifth stage and the sixth stage in moral emotion. (3) The moral judgment ability of college students is generally at the middle level. According to the present situation of ideological education in colleges and universities in China, the following suggestions are put forward: firstly, the teaching form needs to be innovated; secondly, the work enthusiasm of the teaching staff in the student department needs to be improved; and thirdly, the life management of the students should be relaxed appropriately.