The shortage of qualified teachers, weak basic knowledge foundation of students, and insufficient awareness of autonomous learning of students are the reasons why the sports level of college students is generally low at this stage. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology, as a discipline to study the laws of human intelligent activities, its application in college physical education combining with Internet can effectively alleviate the problems of insufficient qualified teachers and single teaching mode. This paper first briefly introduces the principle, characteristics and application fields of AI. Then it analyzes the system requirements, overall structure, database requirements and system flow one by one, and uses the BP neural network in the field of AI to carry out the design of student autonomous learning. Finally, the AI-based college student sports autonomous learning system is realized in the Visual Studio integrated open environment, the browser/server system architecture, and the SQL Server database under the Windows platform. The intelligence and autonomy of the learning system provide intelligent, open self-evaluation test and effective learning feedback for college students’ learning, which is of great significance to help college students improve their sports level and ease the teaching pressure of teachers.