At present, the cultivation of college students in colleges and universities mostly focuses on general education while emphasis is not given to the cultivation of the core competence of college students. Also, there are few innovation researches in the core competence training system. In order to solve this problem, this paper starts from the emphasis on the cultivation of core competence and innovatively proposes a outcome-based curriculum teaching system for the construction of college students’ core competence cultivation system. The outcomebased curriculum teaching system adopts the method of teacher-student interview and quantitative analysis to promote the cultivation of college students’ core competence and analyzes and discusses the influence of innovative curriculum teaching system on the improvement of college students’ core competence. The practice results show that the outcome-based curriculum teaching system can comprehensively enhance students’ core competence, especially in terms of their global vision, critical thinking, innovation ability, social and state responsibility, lifelong learning, entrepreneurship and leadership coordination.